View source for Appendix:Glossary

'''A glossary of terms used in the body of this dictionary.''' ''See also'' [[Wiktionary:Glossary|'''Wiktionary''':Glossary]], which contains terms used elsewhere in the Wiktionary community.

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==A==

; {{anchor|a.}}[[a]].
: "[[ante|Ante]]" (Latin for "before"). Hence, a quotation from "''a.'' 1924" is a quotation from no later than 1923.

; {{anchor|abbreviation}}[[abbreviation]]
: A shortened form of a word, such as an [[#initialism|initialism]], [[#acronym|acronym]], or many terms ending in a period.

; {{anchor|ablative case}}{{anchor|ablative}}[[ablative case]]
: A [[#case|case]] that indicates separation, or moving away from something. It is used alone or with certain [[#preposition|prepositions]]. For example, if English had a fully [[#productive|productive]] case system that included the ablative case, then in the phrase ''came from the city'', either "the city" or "from the city" would likely be in the ablative. In some languages, such as Latin, this case has acquired many other uses and does not strictly indicate separation anymore.

; {{anchor|ablaut}}[[ablaut]]
: In [[Proto-Indo-European]], or any of its descendants (the [[Indo-European]] languages), a system of [[#vowel|vowel]] alternation in which the vowels that are used in various parts of the word can change depending on meaning. The system is used for purposes of [[#inflection|inflection]] and word derivation. In the Germanic languages, it forms the basis of the [[#strong verb|strong verbs]].

; {{anchor|absolutive}}{{anchor|absolutive case}}[[absolutive case]]
: A [[#case|case]] used to indicate the [[patient#Noun|patient]] or [[experiencer]] of a [[#verb|verb]]'s action.

; {{anchor|abstract noun}}[[abstract noun]]
: A [[#noun|noun]] that denotes an idea, emotion, feeling, quality or other abstract or intangible concept, as opposed to a concrete item, or a physical object. Antonym of [[#concrete noun|concrete noun]].

; {{anchor|abstract verb}}{{anchor|abstract}}[[abstract verb]]
: In the {{w|Slavic languages}}, a verb of motion whose motion is multidirectional (as opposed to unidirectional) or indirect, or whose action is repeated or in a series ([[#iterative|iterative]]). Also called an [[#indeterminate verb|indeterminate verb]]. The opposite type of verb, which expresses a single, completed action, is termed a [[#concrete verb|concrete verb]] (or a [[#determinate verb|determinate verb]]). Motion verbs in the {{w|Slavic languages}} come in abstract/concrete lexical pairs, e.g. {{cog|ru|ходи́ть||to [[go]] (abstract)}} vs. {{m|ru|идти́||to [[go]] (concrete)}}, {{m|ru|бе́гать||to run (abstract)}} vs. {{m|ru|бежа́ть||to run (concrete)}}, {{m|ru|носи́ть||to carry (abstract)}} vs. {{m|ru|нести́||to carry (concrete)}}. English does not make this distinction. For example, "I went to the post office" could be abstract (if I went there and came back, i.e. multidirectional) or concrete (if I am there now, i.e. unidirectional), and different Russian verbs would be used to translate "went" in these two circumstances. In Polish coming back does not cause abstract verbs to be used, only doing something many times (''Chodzę do biura.'' 'I go to the office (every day).' vs. ''Idę do biura'' 'I am going to the office (now).') or moving without target (''Chodzę po pokoju'' 'I am walking around the room.' vs. ''Idę przez pokój.'' 'I am walking across the room.') does. Abstract verbs are always [[#imperfective aspect|imperfective]] in aspect, even with prefixes that are normally associated with the [[#perfective aspect|perfective aspect]] (e.g. Polish ''przybiegać''). 

; {{anchor|accusative case}}{{anchor|accusative}}{{anchor|acc.}}[[accusative case]], acc.
: A [[#case|case]] that is usually used as the [[#direct object|direct object]] of a [[#verb|verb]]. For example, if English had a fully [[#productive|productive]] case system, then ''ball'' in "The man threw the ball" would most likely be in the accusative.

; {{anchor|acronym}}[[acronym]]
: An [[#abbreviation|abbreviation]] that is pronounced as the “word” it would spell, such as ''[[NATO]]''.

; {{anchor|active}}{{anchor|active voice}}[[active voice]]
: the [[#voice|voice]] verb form in which the subject is the person or thing doing the action, [[cf]] [[#passive voice|passive voice]]. (''see also'' {{w|Voice (grammar)}}), e.g., ''The boy kicked the ball.''

; {{anchor|AD}}[[AD]]
: Anno Domini. Year-numbering system equivalent to [[CE]].

; {{anchor|adjective}}[[adjective]]
: A word like ''[[big]]'' or ''[[childish]]'' that usually serves to modify a [[#noun|noun]].

; {{anchor|adverb}}[[adverb]]
: A word like ''[[very]]'', ''[[wickedly]]'' or ''[[often]]'' that usually serves to modify an [[#adjective|adjective]], [[#verb|verb]], or other adverb.

; {{anchor|adverbial}}[[adverbial]]
: Relating to an [[#adverb|adverb]]. For example, an ''adverbial participle'' is a [[#participle|participle]] that functions like an adverb in a sentence.

; {{anchor|agentive}}{{anchor|agent noun}}{{anchor|agent nouns}}[[agent noun]]
: A noun that denotes an agent who does the action denoted by the verb from which the noun is derived, such as "cutter" derived from "to cut".

; {{anchor|AHD}}AHD
: The ''[[w:American Heritage Dictionary|American Heritage Dictionary]]''. For historical reasons, this abbreviation is sometimes used here to identify a respelled pronunciation that is given in [[#enPR|enPR]] form.

; {{anchor|ambitransitive verb}}{{anchor|ambitransitive}}[[ambitransitive verb]]
: Either transitive or intransitive. For instance, ''[[eat]]'' and ''[[read]]'' optionally take a direct object: "I eat daily", "She likes to read" (both intransitive), "Read this book", "I do not eat meat" (both transitive). Note: Although [[#ergative|ergative]] verbs are ambitransitive, a single definition could only refer to an unergative verb.

; {{anchor|anglicisation}}{{anchor|anglicization}}[[anglicisation]], [[anglicization]]
: The modification of a foreign word to make it more English in form.

; {{anchor|animate}}[[animate]]
: Having a [[referent]] that includes a human or animal. Many languages (such as the {{w|Slavic languages}}) classify nouns based on animacy, using different [[#inflection|inflection]]s or words with animate and inanimate nouns.

; {{anchor|antonym}}[[antonym]]
: A word with a meaning that is the opposite of a meaning of another word. For example, {{m|en|good}} is an antonym of {{m|en|bad}}.

; {{anchor|apheresis}}{{anchor|apheresis}}[[apheresis]]
: The removal of a letter or sound from the beginning of a word.

; {{anchor|aphesis}}{{anchor|aphetic}}[[aphesis]]
: The removal of an initial unstressed sound from a word, the process by which {{m|en|escarp}} became {{m|en|scarp}}. Words derived in this way are called aphetic.

; {{anchor|apocopic}}[[apocopic]]
: A word form in which the word is lacking the final sound or syllable. Occurs in Italian, Spanish, and other languages.

; {{anchor|approximant}}[[approximant]]
: A [[#consonant|consonant]] sound produced by restricting the air flow through the mouth only slightly, resulting in a smooth sound. In English, the approximants are {{IPAchar|/l/}}, {{IPAchar|/ɹ/}}, {{IPAchar|/w/}}, {{IPAchar|/j/}} (as in the initial sounds of ''loo'', ''rue'', ''woo'' and ''you''). Approximants are distinguished from [[#fricative|fricative]]s, in which the air is constricted enough to cause a rough, hissing or buzzing sound, and [[#plosive|plosive]]s, in which the air is blocked completely for a short period of time.

; {{anchor|archaic}}[[archaic]]
: No longer in general use, but still found in some contemporary texts that aim for an antique style, like historical novels or Bible translations. For example, ''[[thee]]'' and ''[[thou]]'' are archaic pronouns, having been completely superseded by ''[[you]]''.<!--Sometimes understood by educated people, but rarely used in current texts or speech.--> ''Archaic'' is a stronger term than ''[[#dated|dated]]'', but not as strong as ''[[#obsolete|obsolete]]''. See [[Wiktionary:Obsolete and archaic terms]].

; {{anchor|article}}[[article]]
: A type of [[#determiner|determiner]] that is used as a grammatical indicator in some languages, and is usually central to the grammar and syntax of that language. In English, the articles are the [[#definite|definite]] article {{m|en|the}}, and the [[#indefinite|indefinite]] articles {{m|en|a}} and {{m|en|an}}. Some languages may have more articles, such as the French [[#partitive|partitive]] articles {{m|fr|du}}, {{m|fr|de la}} and {{m|fr|des}}, while many languages lack articles altogether.

; {{anchor|aspect}}[[aspect]]
: A property of a verb form indicating the nature of an action as [[#perfective|perfective]] (complete) or [[#imperfective|imperfective]] (incomplete or continuing).

; {{anchor|aspirated_h}}[[aspirated h]]
: In French, an initial ⟨h⟩ that is treated as a [[#consonant|consonant]]; that is to say, [[liaison]] and [[elision]] are not permitted at the beginning of a word with an aspirated h.

; {{anchor|assimilation}}[[assimilation]]
: Assimilation is a common phonological process by which one sound becomes more like a nearby sound. This can occur either within a word or between words.

; {{anchor|attributive}}[[attributive]]
: A noun or adjective (or phrase), that names a real object with the ''attributes'' of another real object. This is in contrast to an [[#substantive|substantive]] noun or adjective, which names a real object that is the actual ''substance'' named by the noun or adjective. Often used specifically to refer to nouns modifying other nouns, such as ''wagon'' in ''wagon wheel'' or ''chicken'' in ''chicken soup''. Some languages, e.g. the {{w|Slavic languages}}, have special adjectives that serve this function, having the meaning "related to X" for a noun X. An example of this type of adjective is {{m|ru|кури́ный||related to [[chicken]]s}}, used for example in {{m|ru|[[кури́ный]] [[бульо́н]]||[[chicken soup]]}}. Generally, adjectives of this sort cannot be qualified by ''more'', ''less'' or ''very''.

; {{anchor|augment}}[[augment]]
: In some Indo-European languages, a prefixed [[#vowel|vowel]] (usually '''e-'''; '''έ''' or '''ή''' in modern Greek, '''a-''' in Sanskrit) indicating a past tense in a verb.

; {{anchor|augmentative}}[[augmentative]]
: A word form expressing large size, importance, intensity, or seniority.

; {{anchor|auxiliary verb}}[[auxiliary verb]] or {{anchor|auxiliary}}[[auxiliary]]
: A verb that accompanies another verb in a clause. It is used to indicate distinctions in tense, mood, voice, aspect or other grammatical nuances. English examples are {{m|en|can}}, {{m|en|will}}, {{m|en|have}}, {{m|en|be}}.

; {{anchor|avoidance}}[[avoidance]] term
: A word standardly used to replace a [[taboo]] word.

==B==

; {{anchor|back-formation}}[[back-formation]]
: A term formed by removing an apparent or real prefix or suffix from an older term; for example, the noun {{m|en|pea}} arose because the final {{IPAchar|/z/}} sound in {{m|en|pease}} sounded like a plural suffix. Similarly, the verb {{m|en|edit}} is a back-formation from the earlier noun {{m|en|editor}}. Not to be confused with [[#clipping|clipping]], which just shortens a word without changing meaning or part of speech.

; {{anchor|backslang}}[[backslang]]
: A form of [[#slang|slang]] in which the spelling of words is reversed.

; {{anchor|bahuvrihi}}[[bahuvrihi]]
: [[#nominal|Nominal]] [[#compound|compound]] in which the first part modifies the second and neither part alone conveys the intended meaning.

; {{anchor|BC}}[[BC]]
: Before Christ. Year-numbering system equivalent to [[#BCE|BCE]].

; {{anchor|BCE}}[[BCE]]
: Before the Common Era. Year-numbering system equivalent to [[BC]]. [[AD]] is expressed as [[#CE|CE]]. To automatically switch most dates to use the "BC"/"AD" style, visit [[WT:Per-browser preferences]].

; {{anchor|blend}}[[blend]]
: A word or name that combines two words, typically starting with the start of one word and ending with the end of another, such as {{m|en|smog}} (from {{m|en|smoke}} and {{m|en|fog}}) or {{m|en||Wiktionary}} (from {{m|en|wiki}} and {{m|en|dictionary}}). Many blends are [[#portmanteau|portmanteaus]].

; {{anchor|borrowing}}[[borrowing]], {{anchor|borrowed}}[[borrowed]]
: ''See [[#loanword|loanword]].''

; {{anchor|bowdlerization}}[[bowdlerize|bowdleriz]]ation
: The removal, from a text, of words or phrases that are considered offensive or vulgar.

==C==

; {{anchor|c}} c
: "Of [[common]] [[#gender|gender]]". Some languages have a distinct common gender that combines [[#masculine|masculine]] and [[#feminine|feminine]] but is distinguished from [[#neuter|neuter]]. In other languages, a "noun of common gender" is [[epicene]]; that is, it is a pair of nouns, one masculine and one feminine, that are identical in form, and that have the same sense except that one refers to men and the other to women.

; {{anchor|c.}}{{anchor|ca.}}c., ca.
: "[[circa|Circa]]" ("about"). Hence, a quotation from "c. 1924" or "ca. 1924" is a quotation from approximately 1924.

; {{anchor|calque}}{{anchor|loan translation}}{{anchor|calqued}}[[calque]]
: A borrowing by word-for-word translation: a [[loan translation]].

; {{anchor|case}}[[case]]
: One of the forms of a noun, used to indicate its function in the phrase or sentence. Examples include: [[#nominative case|nominative]], [[#accusative case|accusative]], [[#genitive case|genitive]], [[#dative case|dative]].

; cat.
: Abbreviation for {{m|en|category}}.
: Without the period, the [[w:ISO 639-3|ISO 639-3]] code for the Catalan language.

; {{anchor|category}}[[category]]
: A collection of entries, used to categorize or group entries of words that are similar in syntax (for example, English plural nouns) or in sense (for example, English words pertaining to sports); ''see'' [[Wiktionary:Categorization]].

; {{anchor|causative}}{{anchor|causative verb}}[[causative]] verb
: A transitive verb that is derived from another verb, and expresses the act of making someone/something do the action of the base verb. Examples in English are: {{m|en|lay}} (cause to {{m|en|lie}}), {{m|en|set}} (cause to {{m|en|sit}}) and {{m|en|raise}} (cause to {{m|en|rise}}). Compare '''[[#factitive|factitive verb]]s''' (e.g. {{m|en|shorten}}, {{m|en|enslave}}), which are similar but are derived from adjectives or nouns.

; {{anchor|CE}}[[CE]]
: Common Era. Year-numbering system equivalent to [[AD]]. To automatically switch most dates to use the "BC"/"AD" style, visit [[WT:Per-browser preferences]].

; {{anchor|cf.}}[[cf.]]
: "Confer"; "see"; "compare"&nbsp; – often used to indicate a word with similar, or opposite meaning.

; {{anchor|circumlocutory}}[[circumlocutory]]
: Refers to a roundabout or indirect way of speaking; the use of more words than necessary to express an idea.

; {{anchor|CJKV}}{{anchor|CJKV}}[[CJK]], [[CJKV]]
: Chinese, Japanese, Korean{{,}} (and Vietnamese); [[w:CJK characters|CJK characters]].

; {{anchor|classifier}}[[classifier]]
: See [[counter]].

; {{anchor|clipping}}[[clipping]]
: A shortening of a word, without changing meaning or part of speech. Not to be confused with [[#back-formation|back-formation]], which changes meaning, or [[#ellipsis|ellipsis]], which shortens by omission of whole words.
: → {{projectlink|pedia|Clipping (morphology)}}

; {{anchor|clitic}}[[clitic]]
: A word that attaches to a phrase and cannot be used on its own, such as English ''[['s|-'s]]''. Many languages have clitic [[#pronouns|pronouns]] ([[#weak_pronoun|weak pronouns]]), which may be contrasted with [[#emphatic|emphatic]] or [[#strong|strong]] pronouns; for example, English ''[['em]]'' is a clitic version of ''[[them]]'', and always attaches to the preceding word (usually the [[#verb|verb]]).

; {{anchor|cognate}}[[cognate]]
: [[descend|Descended]] from the same source [[lexeme]] of an [[ancestor]] language.

; {{anchor|collective}}{{anchor|collectively}}[[collective]] 
: Expressing a collection or aggregate of individuals, by a singular form. (see [[:Category:Collective nouns by language]]). <!-- lb collective, collectively  -->

; {{anchor|colloquial}}[[colloquial]]
: Used primarily in casual conversation or informal writing and not in more [[#formal|formal]] written works, speeches, and discourse. Compare the similar tag '''[[#informal|informal]]'''. Do not confuse with ''[[#slang|slang]]'' or ''[[#nonstandard|nonstandard]]''.
: '''Note:''' It is a common misconception that ''colloquial'' somehow denotes "local" or a word being "[[#regional|regional]]". This is not the case; the word root for ''colloquial'' is related to {{m|en|locution}}, not {{m|en|location}}.

; {{anchor|common}}[[common]]
: Of common gender: ''see'' [[#c|c]].

; {{anchor|comparable}}[[comparable]]
: Of an adjective or adverb: able to be compared, having [[#comparative|comparative]] and [[#superlative|superlative]] forms that end in ''-er'' and ''-est'' (adjectives only), or in conjunction with the words ''more'' or ''most'', or in some cases ''further'' or ''furthest''. Examples: ''big'', ''bigger'', and ''biggest''; ''talented'', ''more talented'', and ''most talented''; ''upstairs'', ''further upstairs'', and ''furthest upstairs''. Some adjectives are truly '''[[#uncomparable|uncomparable]]''', such as ''daily'', ''additional'', and ''else''.  Many other adjectives, such as ''unique'', ''existential'', and ''bearable'' are generally considered uncomparable, but controversially so, where examples can be readily cited of something being "''more bearable''" or "''most perfect''".

; {{anchor|comparative}}[[comparative]]
: An inflection, or different form, of a '''[[#comparable|comparable]]''' adjective showing a relative quality, usually denoting "to a greater extent" but not "to the ultimate extent" (''see also'' '''[[#superlative|superlative]]''' and '''[[#degrees of comparison|degrees of comparison]]'''). In English, the ''comparative'' form is usually formed by appending ''-er'', or using the word ''more''. For example, the comparative of ''hard'' is "''harder''"; of ''difficult'', "''more difficult''".

; {{anchor|compound}}[[compound]]
: A word or name that combines two or more words without altering them, such as ''[[dishcloth]]'' (from ''[[dish]]'' and ''[[cloth]]'') or ''[[keyboard]]'' (from ''[[key]]'' and ''[[board]]''). Compound terms are indicated in etymologies using {{temp|compound}}; see also [[WT:ETY#Compound]].

; {{anchor|concrete noun}}[[concrete noun]]
: A [[#noun|noun]] that denotes something tangible or material, such as a person or place. Antonym of [[#abstract noun|abstract noun]].

; {{anchor|concrete verb}}{{anchor|concrete}}[[concrete verb]]
: In the {{w|Slavic languages}}, a verb of motion whose motion is unidirectional and expresses a single, completed action. Opposed to [[#abstract verb|abstract verbs]], whose motion is multidirectional or indirect, or whose action is repeated or in a series ([[#iterative|iterative]]). Also called a [[#determinate verb|determinate verb]]. See ''[[#abstract verb|abstract verb]]'' for more discussion.

; {{anchor|conditional}}{{anchor|conditional mood}}[[conditional mood]]
: The [[#mood|mood]] of a [[#verb|verb]] used to signify that something is [[contingent]] upon the outcome of something else. The conditional mood in English is normally introduced by the word ''would'', as in ''If I were rich, I would be happy''.

; {{anchor|conjugation}}[[conjugation]]
: The [[#inflection|inflection]] of [[#verb|verb]]s. See also ''[[#declension|declension]]''.

; {{anchor|consonant}}[[consonant]]
: Any sound that is not the dominant sound of a [[#syllable|syllable]], the dominant sound generally being a [[#vowel|vowel]].

; {{anchor|construct state}}[[construct state]]
: In some languages, a grammatical form that is used in construing a noun or adjective with another noun or adjective. In the [[Semitic]] languages, the construct form is usually a noun modified by a following noun in a genitive construction. The construct state of such a noun ''X'' can usually be translated to English as ''X of''. In [[Persian]], the construct state is typically used for all nouns and adjectives in a [[noun phrase]] except the very last.

; {{anchor|contamination}}[[contamination]]
: Influence of one term on the development of another term whereby they come to have similar meanings or similar sound, [[conflation]].

; {{anchor|contraction}}{{anchor|contracted}}[[contraction]]
: A shortened word or phrase, sometimes with the missing letter(s) represented by an apostrophe (e.g. [[do]] [[not]] → [[don't]]).

; {{anchor|contranym}}[[contranym]]
: A term with two opposite meanings.

; {{anchor|coordinate term}}[[coordinate term]]
: A term that is a different type of the same [[hypernym]]. ''Car'' and ''sled'' are coordinate terms to each other, both being [[hyponym]]s of a shared [[hypernym]] ''vehicle''. Although the term can be applied broadly, e.g., ''car'' and ''asteroid'' are both ''things'', such usage is not useful in Wiktionary.

; {{anchor|countable}}[[countable]], countable noun, [[count noun]]
: Describes a noun which can be freely used with the [[indefinite article]] (''a'' or ''an'' in English) and with numbers, and which therefore has a [[plural]] form. Antonym: ''[[#uncountable|uncountable]]'', or ''mass noun''.

; {{anchor|counter}}[[counter]]
: In linguistics, counters, measure words or classifiers are words that are used in combination with a numeral to indicate an amount of something represented by some noun. They denote a unit or measurement and are used with mass nouns, and in some cases also with count nouns.

==D==

; {{anchor|dated}}[[dated]]
: Formerly in common use, and still in occasional use, but now unfashionable; for example, ''[[wireless]]'' in the sense of "broadcast radio tuner", ''[[groovy]]'', and ''[[gay]]'' in the sense of "bright" or "happy" are all dated. ''Dated'' is not as strong as ''[[#archaic|archaic]]'' or ''[[#obsolete|obsolete]]''. See [[Wiktionary:Obsolete and archaic terms]].

; {{anchor|dative case}}{{anchor|dative}}{{anchor|dat}}[[dative case]], dat.
: "[[dative|Dative]]". A [[#case|case]] that is usually used as the [[#object|indirect object]] of a verb. For example, if English had a fully [[#productive|productive]] case system, then ''him'' in "She gave him the ball" would most likely be in the dative.

; {{anchor|declension}}[[declension]]
: The [[#inflection|inflection]] of [[#noun|noun]]s and words like them, or used together with them (i.e. [[#nominal|nominal]]s). See also ''[[#conjugation|conjugation]]''.

; {{anchor|defective}}[[defective]]
: Normally would be expected to have a full set of [[#inflection|inflected]] forms, but some of the inflections do not exist or are never used. English examples are the defective verbs {{m|en|can}} and {{m|en|shall}}, which do not have [[#infinitive|infinitive]] forms (there is no ''to can'' or ''to shall'').

; {{anchor|defective spelling}}defective spelling
: In languages with [[mater lectionis|matres lectionis]] ([[#consonant|consonant]] letters representing [[#vowel|vowels]]), the form including no additional ones, this may still include a mater lectionis.

; {{anchor|definite}}[[definite]]
: refers to forms of words that present something as known, identified, or immediately identifiable; in English, this is the basic meaning of the [[#article|article]] ''[[the]]''; in some languages, this is a nominal or adjectival [[#inflection|inflection]].

; {{anchor|degrees of comparison}}[[degrees of comparison]]
: [[#inflection|Inflections]] of adjectives and adverbs which allow comparisons. English has three ''degrees of comparison'': [[#positive|positive]], [[#comparative|comparative]] and [[#superlative|superlative]]. Some other languages have other degrees, e.g.: [[#comparative superlative|comparative superlative]], [[#relative superlative|relative superlative]], [[#elative|elative]].

; {{anchor|denominal}}[[denominal]]
: Derived from a [[#noun|noun]].

; {{anchor|dependent}}[[dependent]]
: (In Greek and in the Gaelic languages) A verb form which is not used independently but preceded by a particle to form the negative or a tense form.

; {{anchor|deponent}}[[deponent]]
: (In Greek, Latin and some Gaelic languages) A verb with an active meaning which conjugates in a passive manner.

; {{anchor|derived terms}}[[Wiktionary:Entry layout explained#Derived terms|derived terms]]
: A post-[[POS]] heading listing terms in the same language that are morphological derivatives.

; {{anchor|determinate verb}}{{anchor|determinate}}[[determinate verb]]
: In the {{w|Slavic languages}}, another term for ''[[#concrete verb|concrete verb]]''.

; {{anchor|determiner}}[[determiner]]
: A noun modifier that expresses the in-context reference or quantity of a noun or noun phrase. Determiners are often considered adjectives, but in fact are not quite the same; for example, in English, {{m|en|big}} is an adjective, so “the big car” is grammatical while *“He saw big car” is not, but {{m|en|some}} is a determiner, so *“the some car” is not grammatical while “He saw some car” is. In English, adjectives can ''sometimes'' stand alone without a noun, while determiners nearly ''always'' can (contrast *“He saw big” with “He saw some”), such that they are sometimes considered pronouns as well as adjectives.

; {{anchor|diacritic}}[[diacritic]]
: A diacritic – also diacritical mark, diacritical point, diacritical sign, or an accent – is a [[#glyph|glyph]] added to a letter, or basic glyph. Examples: [[#acute|acute]] ( ´ ), double acute ( ˝ ), [[#breve|breve]] ( ˘ ), inverted breve ( ̑ ), [[#cedilla|cedilla]] ( ¸ ), [[diaeresis|diaeresis]]/umlaut ( ¨ ), [[#macron|macron]] ( ¯ ), [[overring|overring]] ( ˚ ), [[#perispomene|perispomene]] ( ͂ ), etc. The main use of a diacritical mark is to change the sound-values of the letters or cadence of a word to which they are added. Examples are the diaereses in the borrowed French words "naïve" and "Noël", which show that the vowel with the diaeresis mark is pronounced separately from the preceding vowel; the acute and [[#grave|grave]] accents, which can indicate that a final vowel is to be pronounced, as in "saké" and poetic "breathèd"; and the cedilla under the "c" in the borrowed French word "façade", which shows it is pronounced /s/ rather than /k/.

; {{anchor|dialectal}}[[dialectal]]
# Of or relating to a [[dialect]].
# Not [[linguistically]] [[standard]].

; {{anchor|diminutive}}[[diminutive]]
: A word form expressing smallness, youth, endearment, unimportance, or contempt. 

; {{anchor|ditransitive verb}}{{anchor|ditransitive}}[[ditransitive verb]]
: (of a verb) taking two objects, such as {{m|en|give}} in “Give me the ball” (where {{m|en|me}} is an indirect object and {{m|en|ball|the ball}} is a direct object). Compare [[#intransitive verb|intransitive verb]] and [[#transitive verb|transitive verb]].

; {{anchor|doublet}}[[doublet]]
: One of two (or more) words in a language that have the same etymology, but have come to the modern language through different routes. Doublets can come about e.g. as loanwords from two different but related languages, as loanwords acquired from the same language at two different stages, as one loanword from a related language plus its native cognate, or as derivatives formed at two different stages in the history of a language.

; {{anchor|dual}}{{anchor|dual number}}[[dual]], [[dual number]]
: A [[#number|grammatical number]] that indicates exactly two items or individuals. Usually contrasts with [[#singular number|singular]] and [[#plural number|plural]].

; {{anchor|dummy pronoun}} {{w|dummy pronoun}}
: A [[#pronoun|pronoun]] that has no referent. For instance, {{m|en|it}} in ''it is good to know that you are okay'' is a dummy subject. It is used in order to provide the verb {{m|en|is}} with a syntactic subject, because English does not allow a [[w:null-subject language|null subject]].

==E==

; {{anchor|ed.}}ed.
: "[[editor|Editor]]" (or sometimes "edition"). This abbreviation is often used in attributing quotations; the editor of a compilation is generally the individual in charge of selecting what works to include.

; {{anchor|elative}}[[elative]]
: In [[Semitic]] languages, a stage of gradation that can be used both for a [[superlative]] and [[comparative]] (''see also'' [[#degrees of comparison|degrees of comparison]]). 

; {{anchor|elative case}}[[elative case]]
: A [[#case|case]] which expresses "moving out of".

; {{anchor|elision}}{{anchor|elided}}[[elision]]
: The removal of a phoneme or sequence of phonemes from a word, particularly at the beginning or end.

; {{anchor|ellipsis}}[[ellipsis]]
: The omission of a word or phrase that can be inferred from the context.

; {{anchor|elongated}}[[elongated]]
: With [[letter]]s added for [[emphasis]], like "stoooop!" Usually this is [[nonstandard]] writing, but in some cases like interjections, this is normal: "awwwww!", "shhhh!"

; {{anchor|emphatic}}[[emphatic]]
: Taking particular stress. English's [[#reflexive|reflexive]] pronouns double as emphatic ones, as in "I myself have not seen it" (where "myself" emphasizes the role of the speaker); some other languages (such as Greek) have emphatic pronouns that they distinguish from ''[[#weak|weak]]'' or ''[[#clitic|clitic]]'' pronouns.

; {{anchor|enclisis}}[[enclisis]]
: The phonetic joining of a word with the preceding word. In modern Greek this may result in an extra stress on the first word, thus:
::: {{l|el|το όνομα μου είναι|"το όνο<u>μα</u> μου είναι"}} ''becomes'' {{l|el|το όνομά μου είναι|"το όνο<u>μά</u> μου είναι"}}

; {{anchor|enPR}}enPR
: Wiktionary's [[Wiktionary:English Phonemic Representation|English Phonemic Representation]] system.  Details in the [[Appendix:English pronunciation|English pronunciation key]].

; {{anchor|epicene}}[[epicene]]
: Having a single form for both male and female referents.

; {{anchor|eponym}}[[eponym]]
: A word formed from a real or fictive person’s name.

; {{anchor|eponymous}}[[eponymous]]
:  Using its own name as a title for a work of art.

; {{anchor|ergative}}{{anchor|ergative verb}}[[ergative verb]]
: A verb that can be transitive or intransitive, where the intransitive subject is the [[#patient|patient]], the same role as the transitive object. Essentially, an ergative is an intransitive verb that is its own [[#causative|causative]] when used transitively. For example, {{m|en|break}} is an ergative verb. The same thing happens to the window in "The window broke" (subject) as in "I broke the window" (direct object), but in the second case, there is also an [[#agent|agent]] which causes the window to break.

; {{anchor|ergative case}}[[ergative case]]
: A [[#case|case]] used in some languages, which marks the subject of a [[#transitive verb|transitive verb]], but not the subject of an [[#intransitive verb|intransitive verb]].

; {{anchor|etymology}}[[etymology]]
:  An account of the origin and historical development of a word.

; {{anchor|euphemism}}[[euphemism]]
: A term that is less vulgar or less offensive than the one it replaces.

; {{anchor|eye dialect}}[[eye dialect]]
: A nonstandard spelling used to show a speaker's pronunciation, especially when it is a pronunciation the writer considers dialectal or nonstandard. Some distinguish eye dialect from pronunciation respelling, and separate templates exist ([[Template:eye dialect of]], [[Template:pronunciation spelling]].)

; {{anchor|excessive spelling}}excessive spelling
: In languages with [[mater lectionis|matres lectionis]] ([[#consonant|consonant]] letters representing [[#vowel|vowels]]) a form including one or more additional ones. For example in Hebrew {{m|he|אדום||red}} of {{m|he|אָדֹם}}, an added {{m|he||ו|vav}} indicating {{IPAchar|/o/}}.

; {{anchor|excrescent}}[[excrescent]]
: A sound in a word without etymological reason, added for articulatory purposes.

==F==

; {{anchor|f}}{{anchor|feminine}}''f''
: "[[feminine|Feminine]]"; said of a word belonging to the feminine [[#gender|gender]], which is usually contrasted with the masculine gender, and also often with a neuter gender.

; {{anchor|factitive}}{{anchor|factitive verb}}[[factitive]] verb
: A transitive verb that is derived from an adjective or noun, and expresses the act of making someone/something have the properties (or have more of the properties) of the base adjective or noun. Examples in English are: {{m|en|shorten}} (make {{m|en|shorter}}), {{m|en|strengthen}} (make {{m|en|stronger}}) and {{m|en|enslave}} (make a {{m|en|slave}}). Compare '''[[#causative|causative verb]]s''', which are similar but are derived from other verbs.

; {{anchor|familiar}}[[familiar]]
: Describes a context where those conversing, through speech or written word, are well acquainted with one another and in casual situations often use more '''[[#informal|informal]]''' or '''[[#colloquial|colloquial]]''' terms to communicate.

; {{anchor|figurative}}[[figurative]]
: Not [[#literally|literal]]. Of words in metaphorical usage, such as 'pig' of a greedy person, or [[#metonym|metonymic]], as 'crown' to mean the monarchy.

; {{anchor|first person}}{{anchor|first-person}}[[first person]], {{anchor|1st person}}[[1st person]]
: A [[#person|grammatical person]] that indicates the speaker him/her/itself, or a group to which the speaker belongs. Examples are the English pronouns {{m|en|I}} and {{m|en|we}}.

; {{anchor|focus}}[[focus]]
: An adverb that indicates focus within the sentence.

; {{anchor|folk etymology}}[[folk etymology]]
: A misunderstanding of the [[#etymology|etymology]] of a word; a false [[#etymology|etymology]] that incorrectly explains the origin of a word.

; {{anchor|α form}}{{lang|grc|α}}/{{lang|grc|β}}/{{lang|grc|γ}}/&hellip; form(s)
: Denoting forms of a word that are grouped together because of an important shared characteristic which is not shared by forms in the other group(s). Spellings may be grouped in various ways: simply by surface features (such as {{m|en|scion}}), by the different pronunciations they represent (as for {{m|en|sny|sny<sup>2</sup>}}), by inflexional differences (as for {{m|en|finocchio}}), by dialectal differences (as for {{m|en|traveler's diarrhea}}), or for a variety of etymological (''e.g.'' {{m|en|thrombendarteriectomy}}) or other reasons.

; {{anchor|formal}}[[formal]]
: Describes a context where word choice and [[syntax]] are primarily limited to those terms and constructions that are accepted by [[academia]] or official institutions as most appropriate and correct.  '''[[#informal|Informal]]''' terms, frequently those that originate through casual speech ('''[[#colloquial|colloquial]]'''), are often inappropriate in formal contexts. Examples with varying degrees of formality include: official or legal documents, formal essays, job interviews, etc.

; {{anchor|fossil word}}[[fossil word]]
: A word that is broadly [[#obsolete|obsolete]] but remains in currency because it is contained within an [[#idiom|idiom]] that is still in use.

; {{anchor|fpl}}''fpl''
: "[[feminine|Feminine]] [[plural]]"; of feminine gender and plural number.

; {{anchor|frequentative}}[[frequentative]]
: Expressing [[repetition]] of an action.

; {{anchor|fricative}}[[fricative]]
: A [[#consonant|consonant]] sound produced by air flowing through a constriction in the mouth, and typically producing a sibilant, hissing, buzzing or otherwise "rough" quality. In English, the fricatives are [[#voiceless|voiceless]] {{IPAchar|/f/}}, {{IPAchar|/s/}}, {{IPAchar|/ʃ/}}, {{IPAchar|/θ/}} (as in the final sounds of ''buff'', ''bus'', ''bash'' and ''bath'') and the corresponding [[#voiced|voiced]] sounds {{IPAchar|/v/}}, {{IPAchar|/z/}}, {{IPAchar|/ʒ/}}, {{IPAchar|/ð/}} (as in the final sounds of ''above'', ''buzz'', ''beige'' and ''bathe''). Fricatives are distinguished from [[#plosive|plosive]]s, in which the air is blocked completely for a short period of time, and [[#approximant|approximant]]s, in which the air is not constricted enough to cause the characteristic rough sound of a fricative.

; {{anchor|front vowel}}[[front vowel]]
: A [[#vowel|vowel]] produced in the front of the mouth. In English, the front vowels are {{IPAchar|/æ/}}, {{IPAchar|/ɛ/}}, {{IPAchar|/eɪ/}}, {{IPAchar|/ɪ/}}, {{IPAchar|/i/}} (as in the vowels of ''bat'', ''bet'', ''bait'', ''bit'', and ''beat'' respectively).

; {{anchor|future perfect}}[[future perfect]]
: A [[#tense|tense]] that expresses action completed at some time in the future; in English it is formed by use of ''will have'' (or ''shall have'') and a [[#past|past]] [[#participle|participle]].

; {{anchor|future}}{{anchor|future tense}}[[future tense]]
: The [[#tense|tense]] of a [[#verb|verb]] used to refer to an event, transaction or occurrence that has not yet happened, is expected to happen in the future, or might never happen. An English example is {{m|en|will}} {{m|en|go}} in ''I will go home tomorrow''.

==G==

; {{anchor|gender}}[[gender]]
: A way of classifying [[#noun|nouns]] in some languages. In such languages, each noun has a specific gender (often determined by its meaning and/or form), and other words (especially [[#adjective|adjectives]] and [[#pronouns|pronouns]]) will often change form to agree with the noun's gender. See also [[#noun class|noun class]].

; {{anchor|genericized trademark}}[[genericized trademark]]
: A successful brand name or trademark that has come to refer to the generic class of objects rather than the specific brand type.

; {{anchor|genitive}}{{anchor|genitive case}}[[genitive case]]
: A [[#case|case]] that expresses possession or relation, equivalent to the English {{m|en|of}}.

; {{anchor|gerund}}[[gerund]]
: Any of various non-finite [[verb]] forms in various languages. In English, a "gerund" is a verb in its ''[[-ing]]'' form when used in a way that resembles the use of a [[noun]].

==H==
; {{anchor|hapax legomenon}}[[hapax legomenon]]
: In [[corpus linguistics]], a word that occurs only once within a context, either in the written record of an entire language, in the works of an author, or in a single text.

; {{anchor|haplology}}{{anchor|haplological}}[[haplology]]
: The [[#elision|elision]] or [[#deletion|deletion]] of a part of a word (a sequence of phonemes, or a series of letters) that is repeated (either exactly or with slight change). An example of haplological pronunciation is the UK English pronunciation of {{m|en|library}} as if spelled {{m|en||libry}}, where the sequence of phonemes {{IPAchar|/ɹəɹ/}}<!-- generated by T:x2ipachar --> is shortened to {{IPAchar|/ɹ/}}<!-- generated by T:x2ipachar -->. An example of haplology relating to spelling is {{m|en|symbology}}, from {{affix|en|symbol|-ology}}, where the sequence ''olol'' is shortened to ''ol''. Contrast with [[#reduplication|reduplication]], the repetition of a part of a word.

; {{anchor|hedge}}{{ll|en|hedge|id=pragmatics}}
: In [[pragmatics]], a term (word, phrase, or clause) used to lessen the force of an utterance: for instance, to avoid giving insult or bragging about one's knowledge.

; {{anchor|historical}}[[historical]]
: Describing an ''object'' or ''concept'' which is no longer extant or current; for example, {{m|en|Czechoslovakia}}, {{m|en|stomacher}}, or {{m|en|phlogiston}}. Distinguish: a ''historical'' term is still in use but refers to a thing which no longer exists; an ''obsolete'' term is no longer in use, while the thing it once referred to may or may not exist.

; {{anchor|holonym}}[[holonym]]
: A term describing something that is formed by other smaller, somehow combined or related things. For example, ''[[tree]]'' is a holonym of ''[[leaf]]''; ''[[body]]'' is a holonym of ''[[arm]]''; ''[[Canada]]'' is a holonym of ''[[British Columbia]]'' etc. The opposite of holonym, which describes things that are ''part'' of a whole, is called ''[[#meronym|meronym]]''.

; {{anchor|hot word}}[[hot]] word
: A newly coined term, or newly adopted sense of an existing term, that has become very popular in a short time. It is kept provisionally as it is likely to remain in usage, even though it fails the "spanning at least one year" requirement of the [[WT:CFI|Criteria For Inclusion]] on Wiktionary.

; {{anchor|hypercorrect}}[[hypercorrect]]
: Incorrect because of the misapplication of a standard rule; for example, {{m|en|octopi}} used as the plural form of {{m|en|octopus}} is hypercorrect because {{m|en|-us}} → {{m|en|-i}} is the rule for forming plurals of [[Appendix:Latin second declension#Masculine|originally-masculine nouns of the Latin second declension]], whereas {{m|en||octopus}} actually derives from Ancient Greek and has the plural form {{m|en|octopodes}} consistent with its etymology.

; {{anchor|hyperforeign}}[[hyperforeign]]
: Incorrectly applying foreign reading rules, such as in pronouncing the "j" in [[Taj Mahal]] as {{IPAchar|[ʒ]}} rather than {{IPAchar|[dʒ]}}, or dropping the {{IPAchar|[t]}} in [[claret]].

; {{anchor|hypernym}}[[hypernym]] or [[hyperonym]]
: A term indicating a [[category]] another term is part of. For example, ''[[animal]]'' is a hypernym of ''[[bird]]'', which is in turn a hypernym of ''[[eagle]]''. The opposite of hypernym, which indicates terms pertaining to a category, is ''[[#hyponym|hyponym]].

; {{anchor|hyphenation}}[[hyphenation]]
: The splitting of a word across a line boundary, with a hyphen at the end of the first part. For example, the hyphenation of {{m|en|hyphenation}} is given as "hy‧phen‧ation" meaning that it is split across a line break as ''hy-phenation'' or as ''hyphen-ation''.

; {{anchor|hyponym}}[[hyponym]]
: A specific term within a category described by another term. For instance, ''[[alternative rock]]'' is a hyponym of ''[[rock]]'', which in turn is a hyponym of ''[[music]]''. The opposite of hyponym, which describes larger categories, is [[#hypernym|hypernym]].

==I==

; {{anchor|ideophonic}}[[ideophonic]]
: A word that evokes an idea in sound, often a vivid impression of certain sensations or sensory perceptions, e.g. sound, movement, color, shape, or action. They may be more common in Oriental languages. In Chinese lexicography, such sense is usually described as {{lang|zh|……[[的]][[樣子]]}} or {{lang|zh|……[[貌]]}}, i.e. “the appearance of ...”.

; {{anchor|idiom}}[[idiom]]
: A phrase whose meaning is unapparent or unobvious from the individual words that make it up, such as {{m|en|beat around the bush||avoid uncomfortable topic}}, {{m|en|come a cropper||suffer misfortune}}, or {{m|en|pay through the nose||pay an unusually large amount}}. Idioms are often, but not always ''[[set phrase]]s'', and are usually distinct from ''[[proverb]]s''. See also '''[[Appendix:Glossary of idioms&nbsp; – A|Appendix:Glossary of idioms]]'''.

; {{anchor|idiomatic}}[[idiomatic]]
: Pertaining or conforming to the mode of expression characteristic of a language. Idioms, [[collocation]]s{{,}} and [[modal verb]]s are examples of idiomatic language.

; {{anchor|imperfect}}[[imperfect]]
: The [[#imperfective past|imperfective past]] tense of a verb, indicating that the action described happened repeatedly, habitually or continuously.

; {{anchor|imperative}}{{anchor|imperative mood}}[[imperative mood]]
: The [[#mood|mood]] of a [[#verb|verb]] expressing an order or command. An English example is the command ''go!''

; {{anchor|imperfective}}{{anchor|imperfective aspect}}[[imperfective]]
: An [[#aspect|aspect]] of the [[verb]] which denotes an action or condition that does not have a fixed temporal boundary, but is [[habitual]], [[unfinished]], [[continuous]], [[repetitive]] or [[in progress]]. Common in {{w|Slavic languages}} such as {{etyl|ru|-}}. Contrast ''[[#perfective|perfective]].'' (''see'' {{projectlink|pedia|Imperfective aspect}})

; {{anchor|imperfective past}}imperfective past
: A verb form of [[#imperfective|imperfective]] [[#aspect|aspect]] and [[#past|past]] [[#tense|tense]], which is used to describe an action or event which was happening habitually, continuously or repeatedly in the past, as in “Tom was painting the fence” or “Tom used to paint the fence.”

; {{anchor|impersonal}}[[impersonal]]
: A lack of [[#person|grammatical person]] altogether, or an indefinite/undefined person. An example is the English pronoun {{m|en|one}}.

; {{anchor|impersonal verb}}[[impersonal]] verb
: A verb that cannot take a subject, or takes a third-person subject pronoun (e.g. {{m|en|it}}) without an [[antecedent]].  The term {{m|en|weather verb}} is also sometimes used in some texts, since such verbs of weather (e.g. {{m|en|rain}}) are impersonal in many languages.

; {{anchor|inanimate}}[[inanimate]]
: Having a [[referent]] that does not include a human or animal. Many languages (such as the {{w|Slavic languages}}) classify nouns based on animacy, using different [[#inflection|inflection]]s or words with animate and inanimate nouns. For verbs, this indicates that they are usually applied only to inanimate objects or concepts, and rarely used in the first or second persons.

; {{anchor|indeclinable}}[[indeclinable]], {{anchor|undeclinable}}[[undeclinable]], {{anchor|invariable}}[[invariable]] or {{anchor|invariant}}[[invariant]]
: In languages with [[#inflection|inflection]], lacking distinct inflected forms when they would be expected to exist. Indeclinable words have the same form in all cases. For example, the English noun {{m|en|sheep}} is invariable because its plural is also {{m|en|sheep}}. [[#acronym|Acronyms]] and [[#loanword|loanword]]s are often indeclinable in many languages.

; {{anchor|indefinite}}[[indefinite]]
: refers to forms of words that present something as not yet identified or not immediately identifiable; in English, this is the basic meaning of the [[article]] ''[[a]]''; in some languages, this is a nominal or adjectival [[inflection]].

; {{anchor|indeterminate verb}}{{anchor|indeterminate}}[[indeterminate verb]]
: In the {{w|Slavic languages}}, another term for ''[[#abstract verb|abstract verb]]''.

; {{anchor|indicative}}{{anchor|indicative mood}}[[indicative mood]]
: The [[#mood|mood]] of a [[#verb|verb]] used in ordinary factual or objective statements.

; {{anchor|infix}}[[infix]]
: A [[morpheme]] or [[affix]] inserted inside a word.

; {{anchor|infinitive}}[[infinitive]]
: A non-[[finite]] verb form considered [[neutral]] with respect to inflection; depending on language variously found used with [[auxiliary verb]]s, in [[subordinate clause]]s, or acting as a [[gerund]], and often as the [[dictionary form]]. In English, the infinitive is formed with the word ''[[to]]'', e.g. ''to [[read]]''.

; {{anchor|inflected}}{{anchor|inflection}}[[inflection]]
: The change in form of a word to represent various grammatical categories, such as [[#tense|tense]] (e.g. past tense, present tense, future tense) or [[#number|number]] (e.g. singular, plural). For example, the verb {{m|en|run}} may be inflected to produce {{m|en|runs}}, {{m|en|ran}}, and {{m|en|running}}. In highly inflected languages, such as Latin, there will be many more forms. Two major types of inflection are [[#conjugation|conjugation]] (inflection of [[#verb|verbs]]) and [[#declension|declension]] (inflection of [[#noun|nouns]], [[#adjective|adjectives]], and [[#pronoun|pronouns]]).

; {{anchor|informal}}[[informal]]
: Denotes spoken or written words that are used primarily in a [[#familiar|familiar]], or casual, context, where a clear, formal equivalent often exists that is employed in its place in [[#formal|formal]] contexts. Compare similar tag '''[[#colloquial|colloquial]]'''.

; {{anchor|initialism}}[[initialism]]
: An [[#abbreviation|abbreviation]] that is formed from the initial letters of a sequence of words. Initialisms that are pronounced as words, such as {{m|en|UNICEF}}, are usually called {{m|en||[[#acronym|acronyms]]}}, so the term {{m|en||initialism}} is generally only used for those that are pronounced letter by letter, such as {{m|en|USA}}.

; {{anchor|instrumental case}}{{anchor|instrumental}}{{anchor|ins}}[[instrumental case]], ins.
: A [[#case|case]] used to express means or agency—and is generally indicated in English by "by" or "with" with the objective.

; {{anchor|interjection}}[[interjection]]
: An expression of emotion ("ouch!", "wow!") or any of several kinds of expression that functions as a replacement of a sentence ([[prosentence]]) or that are not syntactically connected to a sentence, including curses ("damn!"), greetings ("hey", "bye"), response particles ("okay", "oh!", "m-hm", "huh?"), and hesitation markers ("uh", "er", "um"), and perhaps profanities, discourse markers and fillers.

; {{anchor|intransitive verb}}{{anchor|intransitive}}[[intransitive verb]]
: Of a verb: not taking a [[#object|direct object]]; not [[#transitive|transitive]]. For example, the verb {{m|en|listen}} does not usually take a direct object; it is grammatically incorrect to say "I listened the ball".
: Of an adposition (such as a preposition), or of an adverb: not having a nominal complement. For example, using the following prepositions or adverbs without a complement (here in parentheses): {{m|en|down}} (the stairs), {{m|en|under}} (the bridge), {{m|en|inside}} (the building), {{m|en|aboard}} (the ship), {{m|en|underneath}} (the table), {{m|en|here}}, {{m|en|there}}, {{m|en|abroad}}, {{m|en|downtown}}, {{m|en|afterwards}}, …

; {{anchor|invariable}}[[invariable]] 
: ''see:'' [[#indeclinable|indeclinable]]

; {{anchor|invariant}}[[invariant]]
: ''see:'' [[#indeclinable|indeclinable]]

; {{anchor|iotation}}[[iotation]]
: A specific occurrence of [[#palatalization|palatalization]] that occurred in the {{w|Proto-Slavic language}}, in which a [[#consonant|consonant]] combined with the palatal approximant {{IPAchar|/j/}} to form a palatalized [[#consonant|consonant]]. Also, any similar process occurring in a later {{w|Slavic languages|Slavic language}} or elsewhere. For example, under certain circumstances in {{w|Russian language|Russian}}, underlying ''s; z; t; d; k; g'' are iotated to ''š; ž; č or šč; ž; č; ž'' respectively (pronounced {{IPAchar|/ʂ/}}; {{IPAchar|/ʐ/}}; {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕ/}} or {{IPAchar|/ɕː/}}; {{IPAchar|/ʐ/}}; {{IPAchar|/t͡ɕ/}}; {{IPAchar|/ʐ/}} respectively). See [[Appendix:Russian verbs#Slavic iotation]] for the full iotation rules in {{w|Russian language|Russian}}. Other {{w|Slavic languages}} behave similarly.

; {{anchor|IPA}}[[IPA]]
: The [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet]]; a standardized system for transcribing the sounds in any spoken language.

; {{anchor|ʾiʿrāb}} [[ʾiʿrāb]]
: Also called [[desinential inflection]]; in Arabic: {{m|ar|إِعْرَابٌ||tr=ʾiʿrāb, ʾiʿrābun}}. A number of [[#inflection|inflectional]] endings, applied to Arabic nouns, adjectives, and verbs, which—with minor exceptions—do not appear in writing, and moreover are not pronounced in [[pausa]], i.e. at the end of a sentence or before a pause. Nevertheless, these endings are a regular and required element of Qur'ānic and Classical Arabic. In Modern Standard Arabic, however, they are rather often avoided due to dialectal influence. In nouns and adjectives, the ʾiʿrāb primarily has the function of marking the cases ([[#nominative|nominative]], [[#genitive|genitive]], [[#accusative|accusative]]), while in verbs it marks the moods ([[#indicative|indicative]], [[#subjunctive|subjunctive]], [[#jussive|jussive]]). All of these are only occasionally distinguishable without application of the ʾiʿrāb. See {{w|ʾIʿrab}} on Wikipedia.

; {{anchor|irregular}}[[irregular]]
: Not following the usual rules of inflection; for example, the plural of English {{m|en|man}} is {{m|en|men}}, which is irregular; the regularly formed plural would have been *''mans''.

; {{anchor|iterative}}[[iterative]]
: Expressive of an action that is repeated with frequency.

==J==

; {{anchor|jussive}}{{anchor|jussive mood}}[[jussive|jussive mood]]
: In certain languages (e.g. Hebrew, Arabic and Esperanto), a [[#mood|mood]] of a [[#verb|verb]] used to indicate a command, permission or agreement with a request (distinct from the [[#imperative mood|imperative]]).

==K==

; {{anchor|Katharevousa}}[[Katharevousa]]
: The classically based artificial Greek language created at the start of Greece's independence from the Ottoman Empire. It was used for all formal and official purposes until 1976. In Wiktionary, Katharevousa terms are entered under (modern) Greek.

==L==

; {{anchor|lemma}}[[lemma]]
: The headword or citation form of an inflected word, especially the form found in a bilingual dictionary. For verbs this is usually the infinitive or the present tense first person singular, for nouns it is usually the nominative singular. (In linguistics, the word is sometimes used in a sense that includes this definition plus all the inflections; compare ''lexeme''). The plural of {{m|en||lemma}} is traditionally {{m|en||lemmata}}, but the form {{m|en||lemmas}} exists as well. See also [[Wiktionary:Lemmas]].

; {{anchor|lexeme}}[[lexeme]]
: The abstract "word" underlying a set of inflections; for example, {{m|en||gives}} and {{m|en||given}} belong to the same lexeme, which is usually identified by its lemma form {{m|en|give}}. See also: (1) [[w:lexeme|Wikipedia's article on ''lexeme''s]], (2) [[Wiktionary:Languages with more than one grammatical gender]], (3) [[#C|conjugation]] and (4) [[#D|declension]].

; {{anchor|literally}}[[literally]]
: Exactly as stated; read or understood without additional interpretation; not [[#figurative|figurative]] or [[metaphorical]].

; {{anchor|loanword}}[[loanword]] (also {{anchor|loan}}[[loan]] or [[borrowing]])
: A word that was adopted (borrowed) from another language, rather than formed within the language or inherited from a more ancient form of the same language. Loanwords may still be recognisably foreign (having non-native spelling or unusual pronunciation), or have become completely assimilated into the language (no longer perceived as foreign). For example, in English, {{m|en|schadenfreude}} is still recognisably German, while {{m|en|cellar}} is fully assimilated and no longer recognisably Latin (from {{m|la|cellārium}}). Compare [[#calque|loan translation]] ([[calque]]).
 
; {{anchor|litotes}}[[litotes]]
: (from {{etyl|grc|-}} [[λιτότης]]) better known as an ''[[understatement]]'' in English, is a rhetorical figure that consists of saying ''less'' to mean ''more''. E.g.: ''he is not very clever'' instead of ''he is a stupid idiot'' ; ''she's not very pretty'' instead of ''she's ugly'', etc. Not to be confused with [[#euphemism|euphemism]], although litotes can be used for the purpose of euphemism.

; {{anchor|locative case}}{{anchor|locative}}{{anchor|loc}}[[locative case]], loc.
: "[[locative|Locative]]". A [[#case|case]] used to indicate place, or the place where, or wherein. It corresponds roughly to the English prepositions "in", "on", "at", and "by". Some languages use the same locative case construct to indicate when, so the English phrase "in summer" would use the locative case construct.

; {{anchor|locative-qualitative case}}{{anchor|locative-qualitative}}[[locative-qualitative case]]
: Nouns in the form of the locative-qualitative case are qualifiers in the sentence and signify the locational or temporal mark of the qualified word. The qualifier is not specific but general or universalized. ''see'' '''[[Appendix:Uyghur nouns]]'''.

==M==

; {{anchor|m}}{{anchor|masculine}}''m''
: Of [[masculine]] gender.

; [[mass noun]]
: ''see'' '''[[#uncountable|uncountable noun]]''', below.

; {{anchor|measure word}}[[measure word]]
: See [[counter]].

; {{anchor|mediopassive}}[[mediopassive]]
: In Ancient Greek, a category of inflected form in certain [[#tense|tenses]] that contrasts with the [[#active voice|active voice]], and may have meanings characteristic of the [[#middle voice|middle voice]] and [[#passive voice|passive voice]].<!-- Middle-voice forms may also be used with a passive meaning, and passive-voice forms with a middle meaning, which complicates the picture. --> In other tenses, there is a three-way contrast between active-, middle-{{,}} and passive-voice forms. See also [[#middle voice|middle voice]].

; {{anchor|men's speech}}[[men]]'s [[speech]]
: In certain languages (for example, {{w|Karajá language}}), men and women use or historically used distinct words and inflected forms.

; {{anchor|meronym}}[[meronym]]
: A term that denotes a part of the whole that is denoted by another term. ''The word "arm" is a '''meronym''' of the word "body"''. The term which describes the ''whole'', as being an opposite of meronym, is ''[[#holonym|holonym]]''.

; {{anchor|metanalysis}}[[metanalysis]]
: See [[#rebracketing|rebracketing]].

; {{anchor|metathesis}}{{anchor|metathetic}}[[metathesis]]
: A sound change in which two sounds or groups of sounds exchange position in a word. A form showing metathesis is described as {{m|en|metathetic}}. The sounds may be adjacent, as in {{m|en|ax}}, the metathetic form of the verb {{m|en|ask}}, or farther apart, as in {{noncog|es|palabra}} from {{noncog|la|parabola}}, in which case the sound change is [[hyperthesis]].

; {{anchor|metonym}}[[metonym]]
: A word that names an object from a single characteristic of it or of a closely related object, e.g. 'crown' for the sovereign in a monarchy.

; {{anchor|middle voice}}[[middle voice]]
: The [[#voice|voice]] verb form in which the subject of a verb performs some action upon itself, it falls somewhere between the [[#active voice|active]] and [[#passive voice|passive]] voices. Found in a few languages (e.g. [[Sanskrit]], [[Ancient Greek]], [[Icelandic]]). (''see'' {{projectlink|pedia|Voice (grammar)}})

; {{anchor|minced oath}}[[minced oath]]
: A euphemism based on a profanity that has been altered to reduce or remove the objectionable characteristics of the original expression.

; {{anchor|monolectic}}[[monolectic]]
: Used of a grammatical form accomplished with one word (''[[cf]]'' [[#polylectic|polylectic]] and [[#periphrastic|periphrastic]]).

; {{anchor|mood}}[[grammatical mood|mood]]
: One of the forms of a [[#verb|verb]], used to indicate the speaker's attitude toward what they are saying (e.g. a statement of fact, of desire, of command, etc.). Examples include [[#indicative mood|indicative]], [[#subjunctive mood|subjunctive]], [[#imperative mood|imperative]], [[#conditional mood|conditional]]. (''see'' {{projectlink|pedia|Grammatical mood}})

; {{anchor|mpl}}''mpl'', ''m.&nbsp;pl.''
: Masculine plural.

; {{anchor|mute_h}}[[mute h]]
: In French, an initial &lt; h&gt; that is treated like a [[#vowel|vowel]]; that is to say, [[liaison]] and [[elision]] are permitted at the beginning of words that have a mute h.

==N==

; {{anchor|n}}{{anchor|neuter}}''n''
: Of [[neuter]] gender.

; {{anchor|nasal infix}}nasal infix
: The [[#infix|infix]] {{m|ine-pro||-né-}} or {{m|ine-pro||-n-}} in [[Proto-Indo-European]], one of the affixes marking the [[#imperfective|imperfective]] aspect. It appears in several of the [[:Category:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]]: for instance, Latin {{m|la|vincit|vi'''n'''cit|t=wins}}, {{m|la|vīcit|t=has won}}; Ancient Greek {{m|grc|λαμβάνω|λα'''μ'''βάνω|t=I take}}, {{m|grc|ἔλᾰβον|t=I took}}.

; {{anchor|negative_polarity}}{{anchor|negative_polarity_item}}negative polarity item
: A term or construction that is generally found only in questions, negative sentences, and certain other “negative polarity” contexts; for example, {{m|en|anyone}} is a negative polarity item, as one can say "I did not see anyone" and "Did you see anyone?", but not *"I saw anyone."

; {{anchor|neologism}}[[neologism]]
: A newly coined term or meaning. See [[Wiktionary:Neologisms]].

; {{anchor|nominal}}[[nominal]]
: Related to [[#noun|noun]]s. See also ''[[#denominal|denominal]]''.
: As a noun, it refers to any [[#part of speech|part of speech]] that is noun-like in some way, and normally includes [[#noun|noun]]s themselves along with [[#adjective|adjective]]s, [[#pronoun|pronoun]]s and [[#determiner|determiner]]s. The [[#inflection|inflection]] of nominals is commonly called [[#declension|declension]].

; {{anchor|nominative}}{{anchor|nominative case}}[[nominative case]]
: A [[#case|case]] that is usually used as the [[#subject|subject]] of a [[#verb|verb]]. For example, if English had a fully [[#productive|productive]] case system, then (the) ''man'' in "The man threw the ball" would most likely be in the nominative case.

; {{anchor|nonce word}}[[nonce word]]
: A word invented for the occasion.

; {{anchor|nonfinite}}{{anchor|non-finite}}[[nonfinite]], [[non-finite]]
: Of a verb - lacking grammatical [[#person|person]] and [[#number|number]] attributes, most nonfinite verbs found in English are [[#infinitive|infinitives]], [[#participle|participles]] and [[#gerund|gerunds]].

; {{anchor|non-past}}{{anchor|non-past tense}}[[non-past|non-past tense]]
: The [[#tense|tense]] of a [[#verb|verb]] that does not pertain to the [[#past|past]]; in particular, applicable to both the [[#present|present]] and the [[#future|future]]. Common in some languages, such as Arabic. In English, the main verb in the sentences ''I am running tomorrow'' and ''I am running now'' can be said to be in the non-past tense, since the same verb can be used to express both the present and the future.

; {{anchor|nonstandard}}[[nonstandard]]
: Not conforming to the language as accepted by the majority of its speakers.

; {{anchor|nonvirile}}nonvirile
: In Slavic languages, a plural [[#gender|gender]] used for all groups that do not contain men, as well as plurals of masculine animate, masculine inanimate, feminine and neuter nouns. See ''[[#virile|virile]]''.

; {{anchor|noun}}[[noun]]
: An object such as a ''ball'', a ''chair'' or an ''animal'', or a concept such as ''happiness'', ''joy'' or ''loveliness''. See also [[#countable|countable]], [[#uncountable|uncountable]] and [[#plural|plural]].

; {{anchor|noun class}}[[noun class]]
: In some languages (especially the [[Bantu]] languages), a way of classifying nouns much like [[#gender|gender]], but determined by other considerations such as the type and shape of an object, whether it is [[#animate|animate]] or [[#inanimate|inanimate]], a person or non-person, and so on.

; {{anchor|number}}[[number]], {{anchor|grammatical number}}grammatical number
: A grammatical category that indicates how many items or individuals. Examples are [[#singular number|singular]], [[#plural number|plural]] and [[#dual number|dual]].

==O==

; {{anchor|object}}[[object]]
: The entity that is acted upon by a [[#verb|verb]]. For example, in the sentence ''Tom studies grammar'', the word ''grammar'' is the object.

; {{anchor|oblique}}{{anchor|oblique case}}[[oblique case]]
: Any case that is neither [[#nominative case|nominative]] nor [[#vocative case|vocative]]. The term is therefore often plural ("the oblique cases"); but in some languages, such as [[Hindi]] and [[Old French]], the oblique is a particular case form, used for example (in Old French) for the direct object and with prepositions.

; {{anchor|obs}}{{anchor|obsolete}}''[[obsolete]]'', ''obs.''
: No longer in use, and (of a term<!--as opposed to a spelling-->) no longer likely to be understood. ''Obsolete'' is a stronger term than ''[[#archaic|archaic]]'', and a much stronger term than ''[[#dated|dated]]''. See [[Wiktionary:Obsolete and archaic terms]].

; {{anchor|OED}}OED
: ''[[w:Oxford English Dictionary|Oxford English Dictionary]]''. Also '''SOED''' (Shorter), '''OED1''' (1st edition), '''OED2''' (2nd edition), '''NOED''' (New).

; {{anchor|onomatopoeia}}{{anchor|onomatopoeic}}[[onomatopoeia]]
: A word that is meant to sound like what it represents. English examples are {{m|en|kaboom}}, {{m|en|cuckoo}}, {{m|en|tweet}} and {{m|en|ding dong}}.

; {{anchor|optative mood}}[[optative mood]]
: A category of verb form (a [[#mood|mood]]) that expresses wishes along with other meanings. Such a category occurs in Ancient Greek and Sanskrit.

; {{anchor|oxytone}}[[outdated]]
: see ''[[#dated|dated]]''

; {{anchor|oxytone}}[[oxytone]]
: With the stress upon the final syllable (e.g. {{m|el|εθνικός}}). Compare with [[#paroxytone|paroxytone]] and [[#proparoxytone|proparoxytone]].

==P==

; {{anchor|p.}}p.
: ''post'' or after, often used in quotations. Hence, a quotation from "p. 1924" is a quotation from no earlier than 1924.
: ''plural''.

; {{anchor|palatalization}}[[palatalization]]
: In some cases, the state or quality of being [[palatalized]], i.e. of pronouncing a sound with the tongue against the [[palate]] of the mouth that normally is not so pronounced. Some languages, such as [[Russian]] and [[Irish]], have pairs of palatalized and unpalatalized [[#consonant|consonant]] [[#phoneme|phonemes]].

: In other cases, a [[sound change]] that involves a change of consonants to become palatalized or move in the direction of the palate; one of the most common of sound changes, and usually triggered by a following {{IPAchar|/e/}}, {{IPAchar|/i/}} or {{IPAchar|/j/}}. In English, palatalization (known as {{w|yod-coalescence}}) converted {{IPAchar|/t/}} {{IPAchar|/d/}} {{IPAchar|/s/}} {{IPAchar|/z/}} to {{IPAchar|/t͡ʃ/}} {{IPAchar|/d͡ʒ/}} {{IPAchar|/ʃ/}} {{IPAchar|/ʒ/}} before a {{IPAchar|/j/}} (which was later lost), resulting in the sounds found in ''na'''t'''ure'', ''proce'''d'''ure'', ''pre'''ss'''ure'', ''a'''z'''ure'', where the spelling still indicates the sound as it was prior to palatalization. Palatalization still operates [[synchronically]] before a {{IPAchar|/j/}}, producing, for instance, the pronunciations {{m|en|gotcha}} and {{m|en|didja}} from {{m|en|[[got]] [[you]]}} and {{m|en|[[did]] [[you]]}}. (See also {{projectlink|pedia|Palatalization}})

; {{anchor|palindrome}}[[palindrome]]
: A word, phrase, number or any other [[sequence]] of units which has the property of reading the same [[forwards]] as it does [[backwards]], character for character, sometimes disregarding punctuation, [[capitalization]] and [[diacritic]]s.

; {{anchor|paroxytone}}[[paroxytone]]
: With the stress upon the [[penultimate]] (second to last) syllable (e.g., {{m|el|εθνολόγος}}). Compare with [[#oxytone|oxytone]] and  [[#proparoxytone|proparoxytone]].

; {{anchor|part of speech}}[[part of speech]] (abbreviated {{anchor|POS}}POS or {{anchor|POS}}PoS)
: The category that a word belongs to, with respect to how it's used as part of phrases and sentences. Examples are [[#noun|noun]]s, [[#adjective|adjective]]s and [[#verb|verb]]s. The part of speech is inherent in the word itself, and is independent of any specific role that the word may have within any given sentence (e.g. subject, direct object). Words may belong to more than one part of speech: English {{m|en|this}} is both a [[#determiner|determiner]] and a [[#pronoun|pronoun]], while {{m|en|coat}} is both a noun and a verb.

; {{anchor|participle}}[[participle]]
: A form of a [[#verb|verb]] that may function as an [[#adjective|adjective]] or [[#noun|noun]]. {{etyl|en|-}} has two types of participles: the [[#present|present]] participle and the [[#past|past]] participle. In other languages, also [[#future|future]], [[#perfect|perfect]], [[#future perfect|future perfect]] participles.

; {{anchor|particle}}[[particle]]
: A word that does not fall into the usual [[#part of speech|part of speech]] categories, but which modifies another word or the sentence as a whole. The English term ''[[like#Particle|like]]'' is used as a particle in many dialects. Particles are more common in other Indo-European languages (e.g. German {{m|de|doch}}, which marks a sentence as being surprising or rebutting a previous statement) and in East Asian languages (e.g. Japanese {{m|ja|は}}, which marks the topic of a sentence). Many [[#clitic|clitics]] are particles.

; {{anchor|partitive}}[[partitive]]
: Indicating partialness or indeterminateness, such as "some water" or "something nice". In Dutch, it is a word form that is used when referring to undetermined things or amounts. French has special partitive [[#article|article]]s which qualify indefinite [[#mass noun|mass noun]]s.

; {{anchor|partitive case}}[[partitive case]]
: A [[#case|case]] that expresses a partial object or an action that is not performed to completion.

; {{anchor|passive}}{{anchor|passive voice}}[[passive voice]]
: the [[#voice|voice]] verb form in which the subject is not the person or thing doing the action, and is usually having the action done on them, [[cf]] [[#active voice|active voice]]. (''see also'' {{projectlink|pedia|Voice (grammar)}}) &nbsp; e.g.: ''the ball was kicked (by the boy).''

; {{anchor|past}}{{anchor|past tense}}[[past tense]]
: The [[#tense|tense]] of a [[#verb|verb]] used to refer to an event, transaction, or occurrence that did happen or has happened, or an object that existed, at a point in time before now. An English example is {{m|en|saw}} in ''I saw my friend yesterday''.

; {{anchor|past perfect}}past perfect
: Same as ''[[#pluperfect|pluperfect]]''.

; {{anchor|perfect}}[[perfect]]
: The [[#aspect|aspect]] of a verb, indicating that the action described is completed. Consists of the verb 'have' + the past participle e.g., 'Tom has painted the fence' 'Tom has taken medicine'. Depending on the tense of 'have' one can have present perfect, which are represented in the previous examples, or past perfect: 'Tom had painted the fence', 'Tom had taken medicine'. 'To have painted' is a perfect infinitive. See also ''[[#imperfect|Imperfect]]''. Not to be confused with ''[[#perfective|perfective]]''.

; {{anchor|perfective}}{{anchor|perfective aspect}}[[perfective]]
: The [[#aspect|aspect]] of a verb, which denotes viewing the event the verb describes as a completed whole, rather than from within the event as it unfolds. For example, "she sat down" as opposed to "she was sitting down". Since the focus is on the completion of what is expressed by the verb, this aspect is generally associated with the past and future tenses. Common in {{w|Slavic languages}} such as {{etyl|ru|-}}. This term is often used interchangeably with ''aorist aspect''. Not to be confused with ''[[#perfect|perfect]]''. (''see'' {{projectlink|pedia|Perfective aspect}})

; {{anchor|periphrastic}}[[periphrastic]]
: Using more words to produce a grammatical effect. For example '''more fair''' is a ''periphrastic'' form of '''fairer'''. The English future tense requires ''periphrastic'' usage: "I '''will write''' an essay." (Compare [[#monolectic|monolectic]] and [[#polylectic|polylectic]].)

; {{anchor|person}}[[person]], {{anchor|grammatical person}}grammatical person
: A grammatical category that indicates the relationship between the speaker and what is being spoken of. Examples are [[#first person|first person]], [[#second person|second person]] and [[#third person|third person]].

; {{anchor|phrase}}[[phrase]]
: (Sometimes called a "set phrase".) A string of words which have a special meaning. In other words, if one of the words in the phrase is changed for another word of similar meaning, the entire phrase is altered. '''Flight simulator''' is a phrase because it has a special meaning that '''flying simulator''' doesn't. Compare ''[[#idiom|idiom]]''.

; {{anchor|plosive}}[[plosive]]
: A [[#consonant|consonant]] sound produced by completely blocking the airflow through the mouth for a short time. In English, the plosives are [[#voiceless|voiceless]] {{IPAchar|/p/}}, {{IPAchar|/t/}}, {{IPAchar|/k/}} (as in the initial sounds of ''pea'', ''tea'', ''key'') and the corresponding [[#voiced|voiced]] sounds {{IPAchar|/b/}}, {{IPAchar|/d/}}, {{IPAchar|/ɡ/}} (as in the initial sounds of ''buy'', ''die'', ''guy''). Plosives are distinguished from [[#fricative|fricative]]s, in which the air is mostly but not completely blocked, enough to cause a rough, hissing or buzzing sound, and [[#approximant|approximant]]s, in which the airflow is only slightly constricted, resulting in a smooth sound.

; {{anchor|pluperfect}}[[pluperfect]]
: A verb form of [[#perfect|perfect]] [[#aspect|aspect]] and [[#past|past]] [[#tense|tense]], which is used to describe an action or event which is regarded as having been completed in the past, in relation to a time already in the past. E.g., ''Tom had painted the fence before I got there''. 

; {{anchor|plural}}[[plural]], {{anchor|plural number}}plural number, {{anchor|pl}}{{anchor|pl.}}pl., p.
: A [[#number|grammatical number]] that indicates multiple items or individuals. Most languages contrast it with [[#singular number|singular]], in which case plural indicates two or more. Some languages also possess the [[#dual number|dual]] or even [[#trial number|trial]] numbers; in these cases the plural indicates more than the highest specific number.

; {{anchor|plural only}}{{anchor|plurale tantum}}{{anchor|pluralia tantum}}[[plural]] [[only]]
: A noun (or a sense of a noun) that is inherently plural and is not used (or is not used in the same sense) in the singular, such as ''[[pants]]'' in the senses of "trousers" and "underpants", or ''[[wheels]]'' in the sense of "car", is ''plural only'' or ''a [[plurale tantum]]''. In practice, most pluralia tantum are found in the singular in rare cases. (''See'' [[:Category:English pluralia tantum]].) Contrast words which are '''[[singular]] [[only]] ([[singulare tantum|singularia tantum]])'''.

; {{anchor|polylectic}}[[polylectic]]
: Used of a grammatical form accomplished with more than one word (''[[cf]]'' [[#monolectic|monolectic]] and [[#periphrastic|periphrastic]]).

; {{anchor|portmanteau}}{{anchor|Portmanteau}}[[portmanteau]]
: A [[#blend|blend]] that combines meanings.

; {{anchor|positive}}[[positive]]
: The 'normal' form of the [[#degrees of comparison|degrees of comparison]] of an adjective or adverb. Thus [[big]] is the ''positive'' form of the trio ''big'', ''bigger'', ''biggest''.

; {{anchor|postpositive}}[[postpositive]]
: Placed after the word modified.

; {{anchor|preconsonantal}}[[preconsonantal]]
: Immediately preceding a [[#consonant|consonant]] or consonant sound.

; {{anchor|prefix}}{{anchor|prefixed}}[[prefix]]
: A [[morpheme]] added to the beginning of a word to modify its meaning.

; {{anchor|prevocalic}}[[prevocalic]]
: Immediately preceding a [[#vowel|vowel]] or vowel sound.

; {{anchor|prepositional case}}{{anchor|prepositional}}[[prepositional case]]
: A [[#case|case]] used in certain languages, especially {{etyl|ru|-}}, after certain prepositions. In Russian, it corresponds to the [[#locative case|locative case]] in other Slavic languages.

; {{anchor|present}}{{anchor|present tense}}[[present tense]]
: The [[#tense|tense]] of a [[#verb|verb]] used primarily to refer to an event, transaction, or occurrence happening now or at the present time. The verb {{m|en|see}} in ''I see my friend in the window'' is in the present tense. In many languages, including English, the present tense may also be used to refer to past or future events in certain contexts: ''My plane leaves tomorrow morning'' (where {{m|en|leave}} is a present verb that refers to the future), or: ''John Lennon dies of gunshot wounds'' (as in a headline, where {{m|en|dies}} is a present verb that refers to the past; see [[historical present]]). While such uses are somewhat exceptional in English, the present tense is used much more widely in many languages. For example, the German present tense also covers some or most of the uses of the English future (''I will do'') and present perfect (''I have done'').

; {{anchor|preterite-present verb}}[[preterite-present verb]]
: In [[Germanic]] languages, a verb that displays (or historically displayed) [[#ablaut|ablaut]] in the present tense, and thereby had ''present'' tense forms resembling the ''past'' (or ''preterite'') tense of a [[#strong verb|strong verb]]. Most languages have no more than a handful of such verbs, and they are often used as [[#auxiliary verb|auxiliary verbs]]. English examples are {{m|en|shall}}, {{m|en|can}}, {{m|en|may}}. Contrast [[#strong verb|strong verb]], [[#weak verb|weak verb]].

; {{anchor|productive}}[[productive]]
: Used to form new words and phrases. For example, when a new verb appears in Modern English, the productive suffix ''[[-ed]]'' is used to form its past participle; by contrast, the suffix ''[[-en]]'' appears in many existing past participles, but is not productive, in that it is not (usually) used to form new ones.

; {{anchor|progressive}}[[progressive]]
: The [[#aspect|aspect]] of a verb, indicating that the action described is, was or will be continuing, uncompleted or repeated. A verb form indicating that an action is [[in progress]]. In English, formed from a combination of 'be' + the present participle ('-ing' form) of the verb. So one can have present progressive e.g., "'''is''' painting", past progressive e.g., "'''was''' painting", future progressive e.g., "'''will be''' painting", etc. Similar to, but less general than, the [[#imperfective|imperfective]] [[#aspect|aspect]]. See also [[#continuous|continuous]].

; {{anchor|pronominal verb}}[[pronominal verb]]
: A form of [[#verb|verb]] that has an attached [[#pronoun|pronoun]], prominent feature of [[Romance language|Romance]] and Slavic languages. The verb-pronoun combination can have [[#reflexive|reflexive]], [[reciprocal]], [[#passive|passive]], [[#subjective|subjective]] or [[#idiomatic|idiomatic]] semantics.

; {{anchor|proparoxytone}}[[proparoxytone]]
: With the stress upon the [[antepenultimate]] (third to last) syllable (e.g., {{m|el|εθνικότητα}}). Compare with [[#oxytone|oxytone]] and  [[#paroxytone|paroxytone]].

; {{anchor|proper noun}}[[proper noun]]
: A kind of [[#noun|noun]] that usually refers to a specific, unique thing, such as {{m|en|Earth}} and {{m|en|Alps|the Alps}}, though one language's proper noun may translate to another language using a ''common'' (not proper) noun. In English, proper nouns are usually capitalized, as are common nouns and adjectives derived from proper nouns. The same word may have both common-noun and proper-noun senses (such as {{m|en|German}}, which is both a proper noun denoting a certain language, and a common noun denoting a person from Germany), and most proper nouns can sometimes be used as common nouns (e.g., {{m|en|John}} is a proper noun that is a first name, but can be used a common noun with plural {{m|en|Johns}} meaning “people named John”).

; {{anchor|proscribed}}[[proscribe]]d
: Some educators or other authorities recommend against the listed usage.

; {{anchor|prothesis}}[[prothesis]]
:The prepending of phonemes at the beginning of a word without changing its morphological structure, as in {{m|en|nother}}, from {{m|en|other}} (“a whole nother thing”), or Spanish {{m|es|esfera}} from Latin {{m|la|sphaera||sphere}}.

==R==

; {{anchor|reanalysis}}[[reanalysis]]
: Analyzing a [[#lexeme|lexeme]] with a different structure from its original, often by misunderstanding. For example, ''[[hamburger]]'', which is originally ''[[Hamburg]]'' + ''[[-er]]'', was reanalyzed as ''[[ham]]'' + ''[[-burger]]'', which produced words like ''[[cheeseburger]]''.

; {{anchor|rebracketing}}{{anchor|metanalysis}}[[rebracketing]]
: The process by which a word originally derived from one source is broken down or bracketed into a different set of factors. The understanding of ''[[hamburger]]'' as ''[[ham]] + [[burger]]'' (rather than ''[[Hamburg]]'' + ''[[-er]]'') is an example of rebracketing. Also called '''[[metanalysis]]'''.

; {{anchor|reconstruction}}{{anchor|reconstructed}}[[reconstruction]]
: A word that is not recorded in actual texts or other media, but has been recreated from its descendant forms, using the [[comparative method]] of linguistics.

; {{anchor|reduplication}}{{anchor|reduplicated}} [[reduplication]]
: The repetition of a word or a part of a word (as few as two phonemes in a word, or the whole sequence of phonemes in the word) with no change or slight change. Compare [[#haplology|haplology]], the [[#elision|elision]] of a repeated part of a word.

; {{anchor|reflexive}}[[reflexive]]
: Referring back to the subject, or having an object equal to the subject. Pronouns can be reflexive (e.g. ''[[myself]]'', ''[[oneself]]''). [[Romance language|Romance]] and Slavic languages make extensive use of reflexive verb forms (e.g. {{ncog|it|lavarsi}}, {{ncog|es|lavarse||to wash oneself}}). These are part of a larger group of [[#pronominal verb|pronominal verbs]].

; {{anchor|register}}[[register]]
: Has two meanings. In [[sociolinguistics]], and most commonly in this dictionary, it refers to a variety of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting, and encompasses variants such as [[#slang|slang]], [[#colloquial|colloquial]], [[#informal|informal]], [[normal]], [[#formal|formal]], etc. In [[phonology]], it refers to a phonological property of a syllable in certain languages where the features of [[#tone|tone]], {{w|phonation}} (e.g. {{w|breathy voice}} and {{w|creaky voice}}) and {{w|glottalization}} are interrelated. {{w|Burmese}} and {{w|Vietnamese}} are noted languages with register systems in their phonology.

; {{anchor|related terms}}[[Wiktionary:Entry layout explained#Related terms|related terms]]
: Words in the same language that have strong etymological connections but are '''not''' derived terms.

; {{anchor|relative}}[[relative]]
: Marking a [[relative clause]]. Often used of pronouns, such as {{m|en|the tree '''[[which]]'''...}}.
: In the [[Bantu]] languages, a [[#part of speech|part of speech]] that resembles an adjective in function, but behaves morphologically and syntactically like a relative clause.

; {{anchor|respelling}}[[respelling]]
: A different spelling of a word, especially to show its pronunciation.

; {{anchor|retronym}}[[retronym]]
: A new word or phrase coined for an old object or concept whose original name has become used for something else or is no longer unique (such as acoustic guitar where guitar used to mean this but can now also refer to an electric guitar).

; {{anchor|rhetoric}}[[rhetoric]]
: 1. The art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing. 2. A string of words that are designed to impress or confuse, rather than communicate.

; {{anchor|rhetorical question}}[[rhetorical question]]
: A question to which the speaker does not expect an answer

; {{anchor|Romanization}}{{anchor|Romanisation}}{{anchor|romanization}}{{anchor|romanisation}}[[Romanization]], [[Romanisation]]
: [[#transliteration|Transliteration]] of a string in a non-Latin script into the Latin or Roman one: for instance, {{m|el|συγγνώμη|tr=-}} can be romanized as ''singnómi''.

; {{anchor|root}}[[root]]
: The part of a word that forms its core and gives its most basic meaning; also the part of the word that is left when all [[#affix|affix]]es are removed. For example, in {{m|en|insubordination}}, the root is {{m|en||ord}}, while in {{m|en|unspeakableness}} it is {{m|en|speak}}. The root is often the first part of the word (as in [[Uralic]] and often in [[Indo-European]] languages), but it may also be the last part, or it may only consist of the consonants of the word (as in the [[Afro-Asiatic]] languages).

==S==

; {{anchor|s}}{{anchor|sg}}s., sg.
: Singular.

; {{anchor|SAMPA}}[[SAMPA]]
: [[w:SAMPA|SAMPA]], a set of systems for representing the phonemes of various languages in plain [[ASCII]] text. Not to be confused with [[w:X–SAMPA|X–SAMPA]], the system for representing the ''full'' International Phonetic Alphabet in plain ASCII text.

; {{anchor|second person}}{{anchor|second-person}}[[second person]], {{anchor|2nd person}}[[2nd person]]
: A [[#person|grammatical person]] that indicates the person or group that one is speaking to. Examples are the English pronouns {{m|en|you}} and {{m|en|thou}}.

; {{anchor|semelfactive}}[[semelfactive]]
: A verbal [[#aspect|aspect]], a subclass of [[#perfective|perfective]], which denotes a [[momentary]] or [[punctual]] event (e.g. to [[sneeze]], to [[blink]], to [[knock]]). In {{w|Slavic languages}} such as {{etyl|ru|-}}, often used to express actions performed once. (''see'' {{projectlink|pedia|Semelfactive}})

; {{anchor|set phrase}}[[set phrase]]
: [[w:Set phrase|Set phrase]], a common [[expression]] whose [[wording]] is not subject to [[variation]], or alternately, whose words cannot be replaced by [[synonym]]ous words without [[compromise|compromising]] the meaning. Set phrases may include [[#idiom|idiom]]s, [[proverb]]s, and [[#colloquial|colloquialisms]].

; {{anchor|shortening}}[[shortening]]
: A shortened form of a word(s), including [[#abbreviation|abbreviations]], [[#acronym|acronyms]], [[contraction|contractions]], [[#initialism|initialisms]], [[#short form|short forms]].

; {{anchor|short_form}}short form
: A shortened term which is itself a stand-alone term; eg. {{m|en|Acts}}, a short form used to refer to {{m|en|Acts of the Apostles}}.

; {{anchor|sic}}''[[sic]]''
: A Latin adverb meaning "thus, so". It is traditionally placed inside square brackets and used in quotations to indicate that the preceding is not a copying error, but is in fact a verbatim reflection of the source. (For example, if a source contains a typographical error, someone quoting the source might add [sic] to make clear that the error was in the original source.)

; {{anchor|simile}}[[simile]]
: A [[figure of speech]] in which one thing is compared to another, in the case of English generally using [[like]] or [[as]].

; {{anchor|singular}}[[singular]], {{anchor|singular number}}singular number, {{anchor|sg}}{{anchor|sg.}}sg. , {{anchor|s}}s
: A [[#number|grammatical number]] that indicates exactly one item or individual. Usually contrasts with [[#plural number|plural]], and, in some cases, with [[#dual number|dual]].

; {{anchor|singulative}}[[singulative]], {{anchor|singulative number}}singulative number, {{anchor|SGV}}SGV 
: The marked singular form of an unmarked [[#mass noun|mass noun]].

; {{anchor|Sino-Xenic}}[[Sino-Xenic]]
: Refers to pronunciations in [[Japanese]], [[Korean]] and [[Vietnamese]] languages (grouped with Chinese as [[CJKV]]) of terms or components derived from medieval [[Chinese]].

; {{anchor|slang}}[[slang]]
: Denotes language that is unique to a particular profession or subject, i.e. [[jargon]]. Also refers to the specialized language of a social group, sometimes used to make what is said unintelligible to those who are not members of the group, i.e. [[cant]]. Such language is usually outside of conventional usage, and is mostly inappropriate in [[#formal|formal]] contexts.

; {{anchor|slavic first palatalization}}{{w|Slavic first palatalization}}
: A specific occurrence of [[#palatalization|palatalization]] that occurred in the {{w|Proto-Slavic language}}, in which the [[#velar|velar]] consonants ''*k *g *x'' when followed by any of the [[#front vowel|front vowel]]s ''*e *ě *ь *i'' became the sounds ''*č *ž *š'', respectively. The Slavic first palatalization is still an active process in many modern {{w|Slavic languages}}. For example, before certain suffixes in {{etyl|ru|-}}, the consonants {{lang|ru|к г х ц}} become {{lang|ru|ч ж ш ч}} respectively. Other {{w|Slavic languages}} behave similarly. (''see'' {{projectlink|pedia|Slavic first palatalization}})

; {{anchor|snowclone}}[[snowclone]]
: A type of cliché which uses an old idiom formulaically in a new context. 

; {{anchor|spelling pronunciation}}[[spelling pronunciation]]
: A pronunciation affected by the written form of the word, diverging from the original inherited form. Some spelling pronunciation are considered mistakes or non-standard, while others have, historically become universally accepted and completely replaced the original pronunciations. (''see'' {{projectlink|pedia|Spelling pronunciation}})

; {{anchor|stem}}[[stem]]
: The part of an [[#inflection|inflected]] word that the ending is attached to. For example, Latin ''mens-'' (stem, "table") + ''-ae'' (ending, 1st declension nominative plural) &rarr; ''mensae'' (full word, "tables", nominative plural).

; strong pronoun
: (''Greek'') An [[#emphatic|emphatic pronoun]].

; {{anchor|strong verb}}[[strong verb]]
: In [[Germanic]] languages, a verb that displays [[#ablaut|ablaut]]. More specifically, a verb that has a change in [[#vowel|vowel]] between present and past. An English example is {{m|en|drink}}, {{m|en|drank}}, {{m|en|drunk}}. Note that some verbs show a vowel change, but not as a result of ablaut (e.g. {{m|en|think}}, {{m|en|thought}}); these are not considered strong verbs. Contrast [[#weak verb|weak verb]], [[#preterite-present verb|preterite-present verb]].

; {{anchor|subjunctive}}{{anchor|subjunctive mood}}{{anchor|conjunctive}}[[subjunctive mood]]
: The [[#mood|mood]] of a [[#verb|verb]] expressing an action or state which is hypothetical or anticipated rather than actual, including wishes and commands. An English example is ''were'' in ''if I were rich, …''.

; {{anchor|substantive}}[[substantive]]
: A noun or adjective (or phrase), that names a real object with ''substance''. This is in contrast to an [[#attributive|attributive]] noun or adjective, which names a real object that carries the ''attributes'' of the named noun or adjective.

; {{anchor|suffix}}{{anchor|suffixed}}[[suffix]]
: A [[morpheme]] added to the end of a word to modify its meaning.

; {{anchor|superlative}}[[superlative]]
: An inflection, or different form, of a '''[[#comparable|comparable]]''' adjective showing a relative quality, denoting "to the ultimate extent" (''see also'' '''[[#comparative|comparative]]''' and '''[[#degrees of comparison|degrees of comparison]]'''). In English, the superlative form is often formed by appending ''-est'', or using the word ''most''. For example, the superlative of ''big'' is "''biggest''"; of ''confident'', "''most confident''".

; {{anchor|superseded}}[[supersede]]d
: Especially of a spelling, formerly standard, and still frequently encountered, but now deprecated in favor of another form as the result of a spelling reform.

; {{anchor|supine}}[[supine]]
: A term for an [[infinite]] verb form in some languages. In Latin, a type of [[#verbal noun|verbal noun]], used for the [[#ablative|ablative]] and [[#accusative|accusative]] case of an [[#infinitive|infinitive]]. In Swedish, a form related to the [[#past participle|past participle]], used to form [[#perfect|perfect]] tenses.

; {{anchor|suppletion}}{{anchor|suppletive}}[[suppletion]], [[suppletive]]
: The situation in which the inflected forms of a word come from two or more unrelated roots: for example, {{m|en|go}} and {{m|en|went}}; {{m|en|be}}, {{m|en|is}}{{,}} and {{m|en|was}}. One or more of these forms, or the entire paradigm of the word, may then be called suppletive. Examples from various languages may be found from [[:Category:Suppletive verbs by language]].

; {{anchor|surface etymology}}[[surface etymology]]
: The [[apparent]] etymology of a term based on components occurring in the modern form of the language, such as ''earth + [[-en]]'' for ''earthen'', which actually occurred in Old English as ''eorthene''.

; {{anchor|syllable}}[[syllable]]
:  A unit of human speech that is interpreted by the listener as a single sound.

; {{anchor|syncope}}{{anchor|syncopic}}[[syncope]]
: The deletion or elision of sounds inside a word (not at the beginning or end), most often a single [[#vowel|vowel]], but sometimes a [[#consonant|consonant]] or a sequence of vowels or consonants.

; {{anchor|syncretism}}<!-- {{anchor|syncretic}} -->[[syncretism]]
: The situation in which two or more inflected forms of a word are identical. For example, {{m+|en|walked}} is both the simple past and the past participle of {{m|en|walk}}, and {{m+|grc|ἄλλο}} is the neuter nominative, accusative{{,}} and vocative singular of {{m|grc|ἄλλος}}.<!-- Is the adjective syncretic used in this context? If so, how? -->

==T==

; {{anchor|tense}}[[tense]]
: One of the forms of a [[#verb|verb]], used to distinguish when an action or state of being occurs or exists. The basic tenses in many languages are [[#present tense|present]], [[#past tense|past]], [[#future tense|future]]. (''see'' {{projectlink|pedia|Grammatical tense}})

; {{anchor|thematicization}}[[thematicization]]
:  [[insertion|Insertion]] of a [[thematic vowel]] on the [[root]] or [[stem]] of the word to make it [[undergo]] one of the [[productive]] [[vocalic]] inflections.

; {{anchor|third person}}{{anchor|third-person}}[[third person]], {{anchor|3rd person}}[[3rd person]]
: A [[#person|grammatical person]] that indicates someone or something that is neither the person or group to which the speaker belongs, nor the person or group that the speaker is speaking to. Examples are the English pronouns {{m|en|he}}, {{m|en|she}}, {{m|en|it}}, {{m|en|this}}, {{m|en|that}}, and so on. All [[#noun|nouns]] are generally considered third person.

; {{anchor|tone}}[[tone]]
: the pitch of a given syllable in languages where changing the pitch changes the basic meaning of the word. In {{w|Mandarin Chinese}}, for example, the word pronounced /ma/ (like English {{m|en|ma}}), when pronounced with a high, level tone means "mother", but when pronounced with a rising tone means "bother", and when pronounced with a falling tone means "scold".

; {{anchor|tr.}}{{anchor|tran.}}tr., tran.
: translator or translated, often used in quotations.

; {{anchor|transgressive}}[[transgressive]]
: a verb form in some Balto-Slavic languages that expresses a coincidentally proceeding or following action.

; {{anchor|transitive verb}}{{anchor|transitive}}[[transitive verb]]
: a verb which requires one or more objects (e.g. ''I '''kick''' the ball''), cf. '''[[#intransitive verb|intransitive verb]]'''.

; {{anchor|translation hub}}translation hub
: An English multi-word entry that may be sum of parts and is there to host translations and enable navigation from one non-English entry to another non-English entry. An example: [[English studies]].

; {{anchor|transliteration}}[[Wiktionary:Transliteration|transliteration]]
: the conversion of text in one script into an equivalent in another script. This may include the conversion of diacritical marks into alternate forms without diacritical marks (e.g. Mörder → Moerder).

; {{anchor|troponym}}[[troponym]]
: A verb that indicates more precisely the manner of doing something by replacing a verb of a more generalized meaning.

==U==

; {{anchor|UK}}UK
: UK English, i.e. the English of the [[United Kingdom]].

; {{anchor|unadapted borrowing}}{{anchor|Unadapted borrowing}}[[unadapted]] [[borrowing]]
: A [[loanword]] that has not been conformed to the morpho-syntactic, phonological and/or phonotactical rules of the target language. For example, {{cog|en|cubiculum}} is an unadapted borrowing from {{cog|la|cubiculum}}, while {{cog|en|cubicle}} is a standard borrowing from the same Latin word.

; {{anchor|uncomparable}}[[uncomparable]], not comparable
: (of adjectives) unable to be compared, or lacking a [[#comparative|comparative]] and [[#superlative|superlative]] function.  ''See'' '''[[#comparable|comparable]]'''. Examples of adjectives that are not comparable: ''annual'', ''first'', ''extra'', ''satin'', ''six-figure''.

; {{anchor|uncountable}}{{anchor|Uncountable}}{{anchor|mass_noun}}[[uncountable]], uncountable noun, [[mass noun]]
: A noun that cannot be used freely with numbers or the [[indefinite article]], and which therefore usually takes no [[plural]] form.  For example, the English noun {{m|en|information}} is a mass noun, and at least in its principal senses is uncountable. For those senses, we cannot say that we have *''one information'', nor that we have *''many information'' (or *''many informations''). Similarly, the main sense of {{m|en|butter}} is the uncountable sense, so the plural form ''butters'' is seldom used, although it occasionally is used to mean "types of butter" (''many [[herb butter]]s contain garlic'') or "[packets of] butter" (the latter represents a class of exceptions in which uncountable nouns may be used in the plural form as an implicit reference to the container: ''get me a water, order two sodas, have a few beers''). Many languages do not distinguish between countable and uncountable nouns. Antonym: ''[[#countable|countable]]'', or ''count noun''. 

; [[undeclinable]]
: ''see:'' [[#indeclinable|indeclinable]]

; {{anchor|univerbation}}{{anchor|Univerbation}}[[univerbation]]
: A single word formed from a fixed expression of several words. For example, the single word ''albeit'' comes from the Middle English expression ''al be it'', in which ''al'' means ''although''.

; {{anchor|usage notes}}usage notes
: Additional information on current and historic use of the term in written or spoken language.

==V==

; {{anchor|velar}}[[velar]]
: A [[#consonant|consonant]] made with the tongue touching the [[soft palate]] (also known as the [[velum]]). In English these include {{IPAchar|/k/}}, {{IPAchar|/ɡ/}}, {{IPAchar|/ŋ/}}, as in the final consonants of ''sack'', ''sag'', and ''sang'', respectively. 

; {{anchor|verb}}[[verb]]
: A word that indicates an action, occurrence or state of being. The [[#inflection|inflection]] of verbs is commonly called [[#conjugation|conjugation]].

; {{anchor|verlan}}[[verlan]]
: A type of [[#backslang|backslang]] used in French, in which the order of the syllables or sounds of words is changed, usually with the last syllable coming first.

; {{anchor|virile}}[[virile]]
: In Slavic languages, a plural [[#gender|gender]] used for groups that include men and for masculine personal nouns.

; {{anchor|vocative}}{{anchor|vocative case}}[[vocative case]]
: A [[#case|case]] which indicates that someone or something is being directly addressed (spoken to), often by name. For example, in the English phrase ''He's dead, Jim'' the name {{m|en|Jim}} would be a vocative.

; {{anchor|voice}}[[voice]]
: A verb characteristic (expressed in some languages by inflection) indicating its relationship with the subject. The usual voices are: [[#active voice|active]], [[#passive voice|passive]] and [[#middle voice|middle]]. ''see also'' {{projectlink|pedia|Voice (grammar)}}

; {{anchor|voiced}}[[voiced]]
: A sound produced with vibration of the [[vocal cord]]s; a type of [[#voicing|voicing]].

; {{anchor|voiced}}[[voiceless]]
: A sound produced without vibration of the [[vocal cord]]s; a type of [[#voicing|voicing]].

; {{anchor|voicing}}[[voicing]]
: A characteristic of sounds, indicating whether they are produced with vibration of the [[vocal cord]]s. In English, all [[#vowel|vowels]] are voiced, as well as all [[#approximant|approximant]] consonants, but [[#plosive|plosive]] and [[#fricative|fricative]] consonants can be either voiced or voiceless. Examples of voiced sounds in English are {{IPAchar|/v/}}, {{IPAchar|/z/}}, {{IPAchar|/b/}}, {{IPAchar|/d/}}, and the corresponding voiceless sounds are {{IPAchar|/f/}}, {{IPAchar|/s/}}, {{IPAchar|/p/}}, {{IPAchar|/t/}}. Whispering is a type of speech production in which all sounds are pronounced voiceless.

; {{anchor|vowel}}[[vowel]]
: A sound produced by the vocal cords with relatively little restriction of the oral cavity, forming the prominent sound of a [[#syllable|syllable]].

; {{anchor|vulgar}}[[vulgar]]
: Language considered distasteful or obscene.

==W==

; {{anchor|weak_pronoun}}{{l|en|weak pronoun}}
: A pronoun of one syllable which is dependent on another word and cannot be used on its own; sometimes called ''[[#clitic|clitic]]''. Compare with [[#emphatic|emphatic]] or [[#strong verb|strong]].

; {{anchor|weak verb}}[[weak verb]]
: In [[Germanic]] languages, a verb that forms the past tense using a suffix containing a [[dental]] consonant (''d'', ''t'', ''ð'' or similar). Verbs of this type are considered "regular" in most Germanic languages, but there are also irregular weak verbs, such as English {{m|en|think}}, {{m|en|thought}} and {{m|en|have}}, {{m|en|had}}. Contrast [[#strong verb|strong verb]], [[#preterite-present verb|preterite-present verb]].

; {{anchor|WMF}}WMF
: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., the parent organization of Wiktionary and other projects.

; {{anchor|women's speech}}[[women]]'s [[speech]]
: In certain languages (for example, {{w|Karajá language}}), men and women use or historically used distinct words and inflected forms.

==X==

; {{anchor|X-SAMPA}}[[X-SAMPA]]
: [[w:X-SAMPA|Extended SAMPA]], a system for representing the full [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA) in plain text ([[ASCII]]). For a template that converts X-SAMPA to IPA, see {{temp|x2i}}.

==Y==

==Z==
; {{anchor|zero-grade}}[[zero-grade]]
: In [[Proto-Indo-European]] [[linguistics]], an [[ablaut]] form of a root characterized by the absence of the basic ablauting [[#vowel|vowel]] phonemes */e/ and */o/. For example, {{m|ine-pro||*bʰr̥-}} is the '''zero-grade''' of the Indo-European root {{m|ine-pro|*bʰer-}} meaning ‘to carry, bear’.
[[Category:Wiktionary:Reference|Glossary]]

[[cs:Příloha:Slovníček jazykovědných pojmů]]
[[de:Hilfe:Wortart]]
[[fa:Appendix:Glossary]]
[[fr:Annexe:Glossaire grammatical]]
[[lb:Hëllef:Wuertart]]
[[te:Appendix:Glossary]]
[[th:ภาคผนวก:อภิธาน]]
[[uk:Вікісловник:Умовні скорочення]]